Research concluded that using SCM tactics to standardize products will have benefits for all stakeholders on the project. In Case Study 7 standardization led to reduced lead-times as illustrated in Figure 9.19 and 9.20, which are shown below. In Case Study 1 it is shown that standardization led to reduction and inventory and shortened the procurement cycle time. In Case Study 8 Butler Manufacturing Company used SCM tactics to standardize their product offerings, which led to less customized products and more efficiency. Ultimately, standard materials allows for greater manufacturing efficiency by the Seller, less design review and approval cycles by the EPC and ultimately better price, schedule and quality for the End User. The pitfall is sub-optimization wherein there are required design changes by the Project counter any saving at the equipment level. (RR172, p. 123)